Comments based on my own side-by-side testing. The 4k-x with the 8 megapixel 1/1.2 sensor is the hands-down best low light performer. It's not suitable for all situations however because: (1) It's physically big, (2) Doesn't pick up IR illumination, and (3) No varifocal available. With the more traditional cameras, the 5442 series with the 4 megapixel 1/1.8 sensor is the best all-around performer, and the best in night performance (significantly better than the 5231). Surprisingly to me, the 5842 series with the 8 megapixel 1/1.8 sensor is a pretty good night performer. Not quite as good as the 5442, but still a good step up from the 5231. I money were no object, I'd replace all of my 2 megapixel starlights with 5442s.
For a side by side comparison of the 5442 and 5842, they were both the varifocal turrets (IPC-T5442T-ZE and IPC-T5842T-ZE). A nice thing about the 5442 varifocal, if it matters to you, is that it's available in black. My favorite 5442 is the fixed focal IPC-5442TM-AS, but for a reason most camera users don't care about, which is the IVS on the turrets senses only people and vehicles, and one of my major camera uses is to track animals on the property, so sadly, both of the varifocals are sitting unused. I do have a big sales pitch for the fixed focal 5442. Side by side with a 5231 varifocal at its maximum zoom, a digital zoomed 6mm 5442 covering the same field of view is pretty much equal quality during the day, and "beats the pants" off of the 5231 at night. If the 5231 isn't fully zoomed, my finding is that the 6mm 5442 give a sharper image in any lighting situation. And if you need a wider FOV, there are 2 other choices for the fixed focal 5442. The fixed focal 5442 is somewhat smaller than the varifocal.
Generally speaking yes. Most fixed focus cameras have a better F-Stop than their VF brothers. The more you zoom with a VF generally the larger the F-Stop value and less light pickup. I showed this clearly on the 5442 fixed bullet vs the 5442 VF…. Now if I can just find that post….
That said, the 5442 VF will flat out amaze you compared to the 5231 series