I’m also a fan of VF and recall saying I’d never buy a fixed lens again.....but something that seems to hold true as to low light, the Fixed version seems to have a smidge brighter image than the VF of most series. I know I tested here the 5442 VF vs the 5442 3.6 fixed and there was a clear difference. I’ve seen same with the 5231 series but not as pronounced.
On the other hand the VF seems to give better depth of field as
@aristobrat mentioned.
I’m sure there’s some technical logic for this but I’m not smart enough to know what that is.
Generally, zoom lenses have smaller max apertures than so-called "prime" lenses. So it seems likely that the fixed focal length "prime" lenses have larger apertures than the varifocal (zoom) lenses.
Larger apertures let more light in, so they should be better for low light use.
But another characteristic dependent on aperture is depth of field. The smaller the aperture, the deeper the depth of field.
So while we like having a large aperture to get more light onto the sensor, we do get shallower depth of field along with that.
In photography, the maxim is: "There is no free lunch." And by this, we mean that as you juggle various settings, you must always accept the tradeoffs those settings bring.
Interestingly, there is a useful aspect of shallow depth of field. For portraiture, as an example, we often want to isolate the subject's face from the background so the background does not distract, or draw the viewer's eye. So you will often see portraits shot at very large apertures to blur the foreground and background to make a more pleasing image.
This can be used for any photo or video where you want to isolate a main subject. It's often used in cinematography to move the audience's view from one subject to another by adjusting the focus first on one subject, and then onto another so the viewer's attention is drawn to where the director and cinematographer want it to be.
And there's another factor that enters into the equation for depth of field. And that is sensor size.
The smaller the sensor, the greater the depth of field for any given f/number. So photographers who want to achieve shallow depth of field often use the largest sensors they can.
And to achieve small f/number (which is a large aperture) for a large sensor, the lens must be physically larger. So you start to get into large cameras with very large lenses.
Of course for our security cameras, we want deep depth of field. So small apertures give us that, but at the expense of less light striking our sensor.
And as we try to get better low-light performance, we have to use larger sensors. But those larger sensors require larger lenses to get the same f/number as a smaller sensor needs. So everything gets bigger and more expensive. And then, when we have our low-light dream camera and lens, guess what?
The large sensor and large aperture (small f/number) means that we have shallow depth of field!
There's no free lunch!