You have ruled out an incompatibility with the hard drive and the NVR as it works with either one. You have ruled out SATA cables as well.
1 - some bizarre incompatibility between the two hard drives themselves - even though they are the same model maybe the actual drives have different firmware versions
2 - still could be a power problem - a drive connected to power only is not using as much power as it does once the system sends a phy spin up command on a SATA link to detect devices
3 - maybe a bug in that particular firmware version on the NVR - I'd think we would have heard from others though as this is a pretty common and popular model of NVR
4 - maybe the main board in the NVR itself has some sort of defect - could even be a bad solder joint that once both cables are connected causes some strain or something heats up with both connected and causes something to go in and out
There is an even newer firmware version as well as older versions you could try. Be warned - the couple of most recent firmware versions for the NVR's will BLOCK any China market cameras from being able to connect to it. Cameras from Empire (Andy) will be fine as well as from other reputable sources. The cheapest ones you see on eBay and Amazon are intended for use only in China. Sellers put hacked firmware on them so they will have English but they are unable to load international firmware on them so many also put a note on those cheap cameras that they cannot have the firmware upgraded on them. If you have all legit cameras it is nothing to worry about. This appears to be the newest version. http://dahuawiki.com/images/Firmware/DH_NVR5XXX-4KS2_MultiLang_V3.216.0000004.0.R.20181229.zip I have not yet tried loading this on mine but I will tomorrow.
1 - some bizarre incompatibility between the two hard drives themselves - even though they are the same model maybe the actual drives have different firmware versions
2 - still could be a power problem - a drive connected to power only is not using as much power as it does once the system sends a phy spin up command on a SATA link to detect devices
3 - maybe a bug in that particular firmware version on the NVR - I'd think we would have heard from others though as this is a pretty common and popular model of NVR
4 - maybe the main board in the NVR itself has some sort of defect - could even be a bad solder joint that once both cables are connected causes some strain or something heats up with both connected and causes something to go in and out
There is an even newer firmware version as well as older versions you could try. Be warned - the couple of most recent firmware versions for the NVR's will BLOCK any China market cameras from being able to connect to it. Cameras from Empire (Andy) will be fine as well as from other reputable sources. The cheapest ones you see on eBay and Amazon are intended for use only in China. Sellers put hacked firmware on them so they will have English but they are unable to load international firmware on them so many also put a note on those cheap cameras that they cannot have the firmware upgraded on them. If you have all legit cameras it is nothing to worry about. This appears to be the newest version. http://dahuawiki.com/images/Firmware/DH_NVR5XXX-4KS2_MultiLang_V3.216.0000004.0.R.20181229.zip I have not yet tried loading this on mine but I will tomorrow.